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Graphene A Magical compound

What is graphene?

Graphene is a thin layer of pure carbon atoms which are tightly packed and bonded together in a hexagonal honeycomb-like structure.

What are different methods for production of graphene?

u  Liquid phase and thermal exfoliation

-          Graphite to graphene flakes using chemical solvent or thermal shocks

u  Synthesis on silicon carbide

-          Deposition of gaseous carbon atom on a silicon carbide

u  Chemical vapour deposition (CVD)

-          Deposition of gaseous carbon atom on a copper or other metal foils

Best method for production of high-quality graphene

Why is it called magical material?

u  Very light weight

u  It is stronger than steel

u  best conductor of electricity

u  Best conductor of heat at room temperature

u  It has unique absorption of white light

What are the problems so it is not used as so much commercially?

u  Production of Good quality graphene is very costly.

u  To make graphene toxic compounds are used, which affect the quality of produced graphene.

u  it is not yet possible to separate the graphene layer from its metallic substrate without damaging the graphene

Where it can be used?

u  Graphene is highly inert, it can act as corrosion barrier between oxygen and water

Means

 superb corrosion resistance

u  It can conduct electron faster than silicon that’s mean better processing power

u  We can see many electronic devices based on graphene

processor

Solar cells

Flexible display

u  For example, graphene oxide (a type of graphene) based fluorescent biosensors are simple, and have the higher signal intensity and lower background noises.

u  Due to higher strength, it can replace Kevlar in future.

u  Graphene and their Nanocomposites are also used for absorption of organic pollutants from water.

u  Graphene provides better catalyst loading and surface area hence can be used in selective catalytic reduction (SCR)

 (faster conversion of harmful pollutants into less harmful pollutants)

Reliance jio- how jio have changed the internet scenario in India?

click to know jio offers

Jio, A Mukesh Ambani long thinking and planning when most of the network provider are looking for customers on 2G network and providing 3G 4G in very small packets and also only in posh areas in such manner that it is it's very complex and very difficult to set up the infrastructure for the 3G 4G network. So, the cost of the package provided by these company also very high for example you have to pay 250 to 350 ₹  to get 1GB data on the 3G 4G network and you could get 2 GB data for the same price on 2G network. one more aspect has also seen that when they started to expand their 3G 4G network, speed on the 2G network also reduced. You could not open websites on the 2G network. everyone was forced to use their high-speed network at a higher cost because no other better option was available in the market. But this scenario changed draw rustically when Mukesh Ambani have announced a true 4G network in India. Initially, when they have launched Jio network give some free offers to the customers to check internet speed, network quality and more important is to gather more and more people on their network. they have faced some issues initially due to less network coverage and also due to the other network provider which have to refuse to provide their network point to make calls. But the scenario has changed after some complaints and availability of more tower with time. Jio has affected more on the other network profits when free offers are running. it made to think another network provider how they counter the Jio. Idea and Vodafone merge into one. every network provider has started new offers when Jio paid services came in market. for example, Jio started an offer 303 ₹ per month which provides free local and STD calls, 1 GB DATA per day for 28 days at full speed after that speed reduced to 128 KB/s, other company also started same offers in same price range. the best part of this is benefits to the consumers which initially paying so much to get even low-speed data and calls. Now they can choose any network provider depending upon the quality of network in their area. But the question remains same where they were when no Jio in the market and they were looking only for their profits and never think about their customers and only gave silly answers for higher pricing of data packs. 

air pollution-How we can help to reduce air pollution?

Recently Indian Supreme court has taken a bold step to reduce the air pollution by forcing to use a BSIV emission standard based vehicle instead of old standard BS III based vehicle.  It is a great step to reducing air pollution but it’s also our responsibility to take some measure to minimize air pollution. Air pollution is the presence of those contaminate which affect the living organism and also environment. Emission from vehicles especially automobiles is responsible for about two third of air pollution in the urban area.

 So how can we help to reduce air pollution

• Try to avoid diesel based vehicle for personal use. You can use public transport because they carry more passenger. Emission of air pollutants from the bus is less comparison to the personal vehicle with respect to the ratio of emission to the no of the passenger. Because diesel fumes are more carcinogenic.cancer potency level of the exhaust from diesel vehicles in India is double from the petrol-run vehicles.

• Try to use alternative fuel vehicles which have very low air pollutants emissions

„  LPG

„  CNG

„  Bio-Diesel Blends

„  Battery operated

„  Solar operated

• If you going for short distance try to use a bicycle or walk. It does not create any pollution and also good to fit your body as an exercise

• Try to ensure proper maintenance of engine during service life, components of the fuel system must be in good mechanical condition and must be correctly assembled and tuned.  Because HC vapours lost constantly and directly to the atmosphere due to volatile nature of petrol, mainly from the fuel line’s, fuel tank.

•  Can you know when most of the pollutant released into the atmosphere from the vehicle? When You just start the engine and start running on the road. at that time, the catalytic converter is not that hot. It is not very effective to convert air pollutants at start-up.  so, when you start your engine wait for some time to heat up the engine and then start running.

•   Can you know when you run the vehicle with ideal speed, the amount of pollutant released into the atmosphere is high. So, change the speed frequently or gradually to avoid the ideal speed. Also, obey the speed limit.

• When you stop your vehicle at a traffic light, If the waiting time is more on a traffic signal, switch off your engine